Expanding horizons at Big Sky

Introduction Post-translational modifications of proteins control a wide range of biological phenomena. An array of inorganic and organic molecules can be covalently attached to proteins, including other proteins such as ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub-like proteins (Ubls), for example, the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and Nedd8. The covalent attachment of Ub or Ubls to substrate proteins involves a series of transfer reactions that begin with the ATPdependent activation of Ub or Ubls by E1, followed by their transfer to E2 and finally their conjugation to substrate proteins,